December 2025

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December month:

December is the 12th and final month of the year, with 31 days. Its name comes from the Latin word for "ten" (decem) because it was originally the tenth month in the Roman calendar.

This month is associated with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, beginning with the December solstice, and summer in the Southern Hemisphere. 

The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month").

The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse.

• Length: December has 31 days.

• Origin of name: The name "December" comes from the Latin word decem, meaning "ten". It was originally the tenth month when the Roman calendar started in March.

• Calendar: It is the last month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars.

• Astronomy:  December contains the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the fewest daylight hours, and the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, the day with the most daylight hours (excluding polar regions in both cases, which consistently have none or 24 hours, respectively, near the solstice).    December in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to June in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the astronomical winter is traditionally 21 December or the date of the solstice.

• Holidays: Some major holidays celebrated in December include Christmas, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa. 

Symbols of December month:

• Birthstones: December's birthstones are turquoise, zircon and tanzanite.

• Birth flowers: The birth flower for December is Narcissus.

• Zodiac: The zodiac signs for the month of December are Sagittarius (until December 21) and Capricorn (December 22 onward).

Analytically:

Turquoise stone: Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral.

It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue.

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Name: The word turquoise dates to the 17th century and is derived from the Old French turquois meaning "Turkish" because the mineral was first brought to Europe through the Ottoman Empire from the mines in the historical Khorasan province of Iran (Persia).  

However, according to Etymonline, the word dates to the 14th century with the form turkeis, meaning "Turkish", which was replaced with turqueise from French in the 1560s. According to the same source, the gemstone was first brought to Europe from Turkestan or another Turkic territory. 

In ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder referred to the mineral as callais (from Ancient Greek κάλαϊς) and the Aztecs knew it as chalchihuitl.

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History of use: Trade in turquoise crafts, such as this freeform pendant dating from 1000 to 1040, is believed to have brought the Ancestral Pueblo people of the Chaco Canyon great wealth.

The Aztecs differentiated turquoise based on quality: xihuitl, a more mundane version used for decoration such as in mosaics, and teoxihuitl, a special version embued with qualities of Teotl and valued for its beauty.

The pastel shades of turquoise have endeared it to many great cultures of antiquity: it has adorned the rulers of Ancient Egypt, the Aztecs (and possibly other Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans), Persia, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and to some extent in ancient China since at least the Shang dynasty.

Despite being one of the oldest gems, probably first introduced to Europe (through Turkey) with other Silk Road novelties, turquoise did not become important as an ornamental stone in the West until the 14th century, following a decline in the Roman Catholic Church's influence which allowed the use of turquoise in secular jewellery. It was apparently unknown in India until the Mughal period, and unknown in Japan until the 18th century. A common belief shared by many of these civilizations held that turquoise possessed certain prophylactic qualities; it was thought to change colour with the wearer's health and protect him or her from untoward forces.

The Aztecs viewed turquoise as an embodiment of fire and gave it properties such as heat and smokiness. They inlaid turquoise, together with gold, quartz, malachite, jet, jade, coral, and shells, into provocative (and presumably ceremonial[clarification needed]) mosaic objects such as masks (some with a human skull as their base), knives, and shields. Natural resins, bitumen and wax were used to bond the turquoise to the objects' base material; this was usually wood, but bone and shell were also used. Like the Aztecs, the Pueblo, Navajo and Apache tribes cherished turquoise for its amuletic use; the latter tribe believe the stone to afford the archer dead aim. In Navajo culture it is used for "a spiritual protection and blessing."[36] Among these peoples turquoise was used in mosaic inlay, in sculptural works, and was fashioned into toroidal beads and freeform pendants. The Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) of the Chaco Canyon and surrounding region are believed to have prospered greatly from their production and trading of turquoise objects. The distinctive silver jewellery produced by the Navajo and other Southwestern Native American tribes today is a rather modern development, thought to date from around 1880 as a result of European influences.

In Persia, turquoise was the de facto national stone for millennia, extensively used to decorate objects (from turbans to bridles), mosques, and other important buildings both inside and out, such as the Medresseh-i Shah Husein Mosque of Isfahan. The Persian style and use of turquoise was later brought to India following the establishment of the Mughal Empire there, its influence seen in high purity gold jewellery (together with ruby and diamond) and in such buildings as the Taj Mahal. Persian turquoise was often engraved with devotional words in Arabic script which was then inlaid with gold.

Cabochons of imported turquoise, along with coral, was (and still is) used extensively in the silver and gold jewellery of Tibet and Mongolia, where a greener hue is said to be preferred. Most of the pieces made today, with turquoise usually roughly polished into irregular cabochons set simply in silver, are meant for inexpensive export to Western markets and are probably not accurate representations of the original style.

The Ancient Egyptian use of turquoise stretches back as far as the First Dynasty and possibly earlier; however, probably the most well-known pieces incorporating the gem are those recovered from Tutankhamun's tomb, most notably the Pharaoh's iconic burial mask which was liberally inlaid with the stone. It also adorned rings and great sweeping necklaces called pectorals. Set in gold, the gem was fashioned into beads, used as inlay, and often carved in a scarab motif, accompanied by carnelian, lapis lazuli, and in later pieces, coloured glass. Turquoise, associated with the goddess Hathor, was so liked by the Ancient Egyptians that it became (arguably[clarification needed]) the first gemstone to be imitated, the fair structure created by an artificial glazed ceramic product known as faience.

The French conducted archaeological excavations of Egypt from the mid-19th century through the early 20th. These excavations, including that of Tutankhamun's tomb, created great public interest in the western world, subsequently influencing jewellery, architecture, and art of the time. Turquoise, already favoured for its pastel shades since around 1810, was a staple of Egyptian Revival pieces. In contemporary Western use, turquoise is most often encountered cut en cabochon in silver rings, bracelets, often in the Native American style, or as tumbled or roughly hewn beads in chunky necklaces. Lesser material may be carved into fetishes, such as those crafted by the Zuni. While strong sky blues remain superior in value, mottled green and yellowish material is popular with artisans.

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Cultural associations:  In ancient Egypt the goddess Hathor (goddess of the sky, love, beauty, music, dance, fertility, and joy)  was associated with turquoise, as she was the patroness of Serabit el-Khadim, where it was mined. Her titles included "Lady of Turquoise", "Mistress of Turquoise", and "Lady of Turquoise Country".

In Western culture, turquoise is also the traditional birthstone for those born in the month of December.

The turquoise is also a stone in the Jewish High Priest's breastplate, described in Exodus chapter 28. The stone is also considered sacred to the indigenous Zuni and Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest.

The pre-Columbian Aztec and Maya also considered it to be a valuable and culturally important stone.

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Meanings and symbolism of Turquoise:  Turquoise is associated with protection, healing, and communication. Historically, many cultures have considered it a sacred stone that brings good luck and wisdom, while also symbolizing hope, serenity, and spiritual growth. In crystal healing, it is believed to calm the mind, reduce stress, enhance intuition, and support the immune system. 

• Protection: Turquoise is widely considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and danger. In ancient times, warriors wore it for protection in battle.

• Good luck and prosperity: Many traditions view turquoise as a symbol of good fortune and success.

• Communication and wisdom: The stone is thought to promote clear communication and wisdom.

• Healing and health: It is associated with physical healing, such as supporting the immune system and detoxifying the body. Some believe it can also promote a sense of inner peace and balance.

• Hope and serenity: Turquoise is often seen as a symbol of hope, with its sky-blue color evoking a sense of tranquility. 

You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise

https://www.rocksandgemscanada.com/collections/turquoise?srsltid=AfmBOooLznkuPGAglBkET0mSXhn4Id7KNWvocE7-ejp7N4RyB8K5Z7-u

https://www.americangemsociety.org/birthstones/december-birthstones/turquoise-overview/

https://www.gemsociety.org/article/history-legend-turquoise-gems-yore/

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Zircon stone: Zircon is a colorful gem with high refraction and fire that’s unfairly confused with cubic zirconia.

The name "Zircon"  derives from the Persian zargun, meaning "gold-hued".  This word is changed into "jargoon", a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word "zircon" is derived from Zirkon, which is the German adaptation of this word.

Yellow, orange, and red zircon is also known as "hyacinth", from the flower hyacinthus, whose name is of Ancient Greek origin.

Zircon stone meaning: Zircon's meaning is multifaceted, symbolizing clarity, wisdom, balance, and protection. It is often associated with emotional and spiritual benefits like self-confidence, inner peace, and warding off negativity. Zircon is also known for its physical properties, including a high refractive index that gives it a diamond-like sparkle, and is used in various industrial applications. 

Metaphysical and spiritual meanings 

• Clarity and wisdom: Zircon is believed to promote spiritual enlightenment, truth, and clarity of thought, with some colors having specific associations (e.g., blue zircon for sincerity and white zircon for higher awareness).

• Balance: It is considered a balancing stone that harmonizes the mind, body, and spirit, fostering inner peace and emotional stability.

• Protection: Throughout history, zircon has been used as a protective talisman against negative energies and evil spirits.

• Prosperity and confidence: It is thought to bring prosperity, confidence, and positivity to the wearer. 

Physical and geological properties 

• Mineral: Zircon is a natural mineral composed of zirconium(IV) silicate and is one of the oldest minerals on Earth.

• Brilliance: Its high refractive index and strong dispersion give it intense brilliance and fire, which is why it is often mistaken for a diamond.

• Colors: Zircon is found in many colors, including blue, yellow, red, green, and brown.

• Durability: It is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 7.5 on the Mohs scale. 

Practical and industrial uses 

• Jewelry: Due to its sparkle, it is often used in jewelry.

• Industrial applications: Zircon is used in ceramics, glazes, paints, and as a source of the metal zirconium in applications like engines, electronics, and spacecraft. 

You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircon

https://www.gia.edu/zircon

https://www.gemsociety.org/article/zircon-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/

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Tanzanite stone: Tanzanite is the violet blue to blue violet variety of the mineral zoisite. It is mined commercially only in one area of the world: the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, which is where it gets its name.

Found in just one place on earth, tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery. Tiffany & Co named this blue-violet variety of zoisite in honor of Tanzania, where it was first unearthed in 1967. Because the crystals show different colors depending on the viewing direction, cutters can fashion gems with a range of color from violetish blue to bluish violet depending on how much weight they want to retain from the rough.

History: Tanzanite is relatively new to the colored stone galaxy. As the most common story of the tanzanite mining boom goes, in 1967 a Masai tribesman stumbled upon a cluster of highly transparent, intense violet-to-blue crystals weathering out of the earth in Merelani, an area of northern Tanzania. He alerted a local fortune hunter named Manuel d'Souza, who quickly registered four mining claims.

D’Souza hoped that he’d been shown a new sapphire deposit. Instead, the deposit contained one of the newest of the world’s gems.

Within a short time, 90 more claims appeared in the same 20-square-mile area. No one was quite sure what the beautiful crystals were, but everyone wanted to lay claim to the profits they were certain to produce. The new gem would eventually be known as tanzanite, and it would, at times, rival the Big 3 in popularity.

Tiffany & Company recognized its potential as an international seller and made a deal to become its main distributor. Tiffany named the gem after the country it came from, and promoted it with a big publicity campaign in 1968. Almost overnight, tanzanite was popular with leading jewelry designers and other gem professionals, as well as with customers who had an eye for beautiful and unusual gems.

The instant popularity of this transparent blue-to-violet gem was tied to its vivid color, high clarity, and potential for large cut stones.

Tanzanite stone meanings and symbolism:

Tanzanite is a gemstone associated with transformation, spiritual growth, and new beginnings. It is believed to promote intuition, creativity, and clarity, while also helping to balance the heart and mind. For the Maasai people, it symbolizes life, prosperity, and protection for mothers and children. It is also the modern birthstone for December.  

• Transformation and growth: 

Tanzanite is often seen as a stone of change and new beginnings, encouraging personal and spiritual development. 

• Spiritual connection: 

It is thought to enhance intuition, aid in deep meditation, and connect the wearer to higher states of consciousness. 

• Emotional healing: 

The stone is said to provide emotional release, promoting calmness and a sense of inner peace. 

• Clarity and communication: 

Tanzanite is associated with clarity of thought and can help with self-expression and speaking one's "heart's truth". 

• Creativity: 

Many believe it can boost creativity, imagination, and confidence. 

Cultural significance

• Maasai culture: The Maasai people of Tanzania, where the stone is found, hold tanzanite in high regard. They see it as a symbol of life, prosperity, and motherhood, often gifting it for safe childbirth.

• Maasai warriors: Warriors have used it as a talisman for courage and intuition. 

Birthstone information

• December birthstone: 

Tanzanite is the modern birthstone for December, making it a popular gift for those born in that month. 

• Zodiac association: 

It is also considered lucky for Gemini, Libra, and Sagittarius zodiac signs, notes The Tanzanite Experience. 

You may read more:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite

https://www.gia.edu/tanzanite

https://www.gemsociety.org/article/tanzanite-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/

https://www.americangemsociety.org/birthstones/december-birthstones/tanzanite-overview/

https://geology.com/gemstones/tanzanite/

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Narcissus flower: Narcissus, commonly known as daffodils, are bulbous, spring-flowering plants from the amaryllis family, native to Europe and North Africa. They are known for their trumpet or cup-shaped central "corona" surrounded by six "petals" (perianth segments) and come in colors like yellow, white, orange, and pink. While popular garden flowers, narcissus bulbs are toxic if ingested in large quantities, and their sap can cause skin irritation. 

Key characteristics

• Appearance: Flowers have a central cup or trumpet (corona) surrounded by six petal-like segments (perianth). They can be single or double-flowered and come in various colors, including yellow, white, orange, pink, and bicolors.

• Fragrance: Many varieties are fragrant, with scents ranging from light to strong.

• Foliage: They have narrow, strap-shaped leaves that emerge in clumps.

• Growth: Narcissus are bulbs that grow during the cold months and bloom in spring. The foliage should be left to die back naturally after flowering to allow the bulb to store energy for the next year. 

Toxicity and historical uses

• Toxicity: All parts of the plant, especially the bulb, are poisonous if ingested in large quantities. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and more severe effects in large doses. The sap can also cause skin irritation, often called "lily rash".

• Historical uses: The bulbs were historically used in traditional medicine, and some species are cultivated for their essential oil, used in the perfume industry. 

Mythology

• The genus name Narcissus comes from Greek mythology, referring to the beautiful youth who fell in love with his own reflection.

• Another myth links the flower to the abduction of Persephone, who was lured away from her companions to pick the flowers before being stolen by Hades. 

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Narcissus flower meaning: The narcissus flower symbolizes rebirth and new beginnings, reflecting its association with spring, and also represents vanity due to the Greek myth of Narcissus. It can also mean faithfulness, respect, prosperity, good luck, and forgiveness. While its meaning is largely positive, the flower's connection to the myth of Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection, gives it a dual symbolism of self-love or self-obsession.  

Positive meanings

• Rebirth and new beginnings: 

The narcissus is a sign of winter ending and the start of spring, symbolizing renewal and new opportunities. 

• Prosperity and good luck: 

In many cultures, particularly Chinese tradition, the narcissus is a symbol of wealth and good fortune. 

• Faithfulness: 

The flower can symbolize faithfulness and devotion. 

• Forgiveness and respect: 

Some interpretations of the narcissus include meanings of forgiveness and respect. 

Negative meanings

• Vanity: The most well-known negative association comes from the Greek myth of Narcissus, a beautiful youth who fell in love with his own reflection and was transformed into the flower. 

• Unrequited love: Related to the myth, it can also symbolize unrequited love. 

• Misfortune: Some traditions warn that giving a single narcissus can foretell misfortune. 

Cultural and other associations

• Spring and Easter: As a spring flower, it is associated with Easter and Lent in Western culture, sometimes called the "Lenten Lily" or "Easter Bell". 

• Friendship: Narcissi can be a symbol of friendship. 

• Tenth anniversary: A gift of daffodils is sometimes said to ensure happiness and can be given to celebrate a 10th wedding anniversary. 

• National flower of Wales: The daffodil is the national flower of Wales. 

You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_in_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)

https://mkarakitsou.com/materia-mythica/narcissus

https://www.interflora.co.uk/blog/flower-guides/daffodil

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The Greek Myth of Narcissus: In Greek mythology, Narcissus was a handsome hunter who spurned all romantic advances, leading the gods to curse him with an obsession for his own reflection. While gazing into a pool of water, he fell in love with his own image, pined away from unrequited love, and died. Where he died, a flower that bears his name, the daffodil, grew. The story serves as the origin of the term "narcissism," which describes a personality characterized by excessive self-involvement and admiration. 

Key elements of the myth

• Parentage: 

Narcissus was the son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Liriope. 

• Beauty and arrogance: 

He was renowned for his great beauty but was also cruel and arrogant, rejecting all who fell for him, including the nymph Echo. 

• The curse: 

According to one version, the blind seer Tiresias warned his mother that he would live a long life only if he never came to know himself. 

• The reflection: 

He eventually saw his own reflection in a pool of water and fell in love with it. 

• The tragic end: 

In his despair at being unable to be with the object of his affection, he either wasted away or took his own life, depending on the version of the story. 

• Transformation: 

The gods took pity on him and transformed him into the narcissus flower, which grew in the spot where he died. 

Legacy of the myth

• The myth is the basis for the psychological term "narcissism," which describes a personality trait of excessive self-admiration and a lack of empathy. 

• The story continues to be a cautionary tale about the dangers of self-obsession and the consequences of rejecting love from others. 

You may read more:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5N8hRyHYB0&t=100s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)

https://www.historyhit.com/the-story-of-narcissus/

https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Mortals/Narcissus/narcissus.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s9cJVHiviM

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Zodiac of Sagittarius (November 22 to December 21): Sagittarius is the ninth astrological sign, covering birth dates from approximately November 22 to December 21. It is a fire sign represented by the Archer, a centaur with a bow and arrow, and is ruled by the planet Jupiter. Key personality traits include being optimistic, honest, and adventurous, with a deep curiosity and a love for freedom, travel, and philosophy.  

Greek myth for the zodiac of Sagittarius: Sagittarius or Chiron, son of the Titan Cronos was one of the many centaurs in Greek mythology.

Titan Cronus transformed into a horse to seduce the nymph Philyra.

And he succeeded.

Therefore, the nymph Philyra gave birth to Chiron – half man and half horse.

Chiron was wise and civilized, a stark contrast to the other wild and barbaric centaurs.

Centaur Chiron was teacher to many ancient Greek heroes.     He was kind and taught medicine, hunting, music and prophecy. 

He was a wonderful teacher to many great heroes, such as Jason and Achilles and he was a friend to Hercules.

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In one version of his story, he was accidentally poisoned with one of the arrows of Hercules that was dipped in the blood of Hydra (Hydra was the mythical multiheaded snake monster).                                                                   

Even though he was a great physician, Chiron could not heal himself.                                                  

Being immortal, Chiron could not die but was pained by the poisoned arrow.                                              

In order to die, Chiron offered to replace Prometheus who was punished by the gods for giving fire to man.                                                                                                                                                              

As Chiron gave up his immortality to release Prometheus from his chains, Zeus, the king of the Gods saw the kindness of Chiron and immortalized him in the stars – thus creating the zodiac of “Sagitarius”.

Sagittarius is often associated with the Greek god Apollo, who is also represented as an archer in some stories.

You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)

https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Zodiac/Sagittarius/sagittarius.html

https://globeatnight.org/constellation/sagittarius/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNmP32mrVq8

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Zodiac of Sagittarius Man personality: A Sagittarius man is typically optimistic, freedom-loving, and adventurous, known for his honesty and great sense of humor. His personality also includes being restless, sometimes blunt or impatient, and prone to starting new projects but not always finishing them. He loves to travel, learn, and engage in intellectual debates, while disliking routine, negativity, and restrictions. 

Strengths

• Optimistic and enthusiastic: He tends to have a positive outlook on life and can spread joy to those around him.

• Freedom-loving: He values independence and needs plenty of personal space.

• Honest and direct: He is generally upfront with his opinions and communicates in a straightforward manner.

• Philosophical and open-minded: He enjoys exploring new ideas, concepts, and different perspectives.

• Generous and fun-loving: He is often described as having a great sense of humor and enjoys social gatherings. 

Weaknesses

• Impatient and restless: He can get bored easily and may move on to a new fascination quickly.

• Tactless and blunt: His honesty can sometimes come across as insensitive or undiplomatic.

• Unreliable: He may promise more than he can deliver, or be a bit flaky because of his restless nature.

• Argumentative: He can be prone to getting into debates and can sometimes be insensitive. 

Likes

• Travel and new experiences

• Learning and philosophy

• Intellectual stimulation and debates

• Outdoor activities and physical challenges

• Social gatherings and laughter 

Dislikes

• Routine and monotony

• Being restricted or limited

• Negativity and cynicism

• Clingy people

• Superficiality 

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Zodiac of Sagittarius Man sexuality: A Sagittarius man is passionate and driven by the moment, so his sexuality is often about excitement, freedom, and adventure. He is attracted to playfulness, confidence, and things that capture his attention, and he can be enticed by a partner who is bold and adventurous. His sexual fantasies might involve exotic experiences, travel, and being in the moment with his partner, like wearing only their birthday suits or experiencing new things together. 

• Passionate and driven: A Sagittarius man is often passionate and loves to live in the moment, so his sexuality is tied to that drive.

• Needs to be intrigued: To attract him, you need to first capture his attention. This can be done through confidence and by presenting your personal style in an enticing way.

• Values freedom and adventure: His sexual energy is linked to his love for freedom and adventure. He may enjoy fantasies involving travel, new places, and excitement.

• Erotic fantasies: His fantasies may include exotic locations, new food, or even the thrill of being seduced in a unique setting, like on an airplane or a luxury cruise liner.

• What he's attracted to: He is attracted to a partner who is confident and comfortable with themselves. Playfulness and a good sense of humor can also be very appealing to him. 

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You may read more:

https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/horoscopes/a29651468/sagittarius-traits/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdyO58Vfnio

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRP7CHrK2oI&t=1s

https://www.horoscope.com/zodiac-signs/sagittarius

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Holidays of December 2025 analytically:

Christmas:  Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed on December 25th by billions worldwide as both a religious and cultural celebration. It has deep historical roots, blending Christian traditions with pre-existing midwinter celebrations, and now includes secular customs like exchanging gifts and decorating trees, often featuring figures like Santa Claus. 

Religious and Historical significance

• Celebration of Jesus' birth: Christmas commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe is the son of God.

• Origin of the name: The name "Christmas" comes from the Old English phrase Crïstes mæsse, meaning "Christ's mass". The letter "X" in "Xmas" is a common abbreviation for Christ, dating back to the 16th century.

• Biblical origins: The Christmas story describes Jesus being born in Bethlehem and visited by shepherds and Magi, as detailed in the Bible.

• Date of celebration: While the Roman Catholic Church chose December 25th, it is not the exact date of Jesus' birth. Some Orthodox Christians, particularly in countries like Russia and Ukraine, celebrate Christmas on January 7th. 

Cultural and modern traditions

• Secular holiday: In the early 20th century, Christmas also became a secular family holiday celebrated by both Christians and non-Christians.

• Gift-giving: The tradition of gift-giving is central to the modern celebration and is associated with the biblical Magi's gifts to the infant Jesus.

• Santa Claus: The figure of Santa Claus has evolved from legends of generous saints like St. Nicholas and other figures like Father Christmas and Christkind.

• Decorations: Popular decorations include Christmas trees, wreaths, and nativity scenes, with festive foods like turkey, mince pies, and fruitcake also being traditional.

• Other traditions: Many cultures have unique traditions, such as the American custom of hiding a pickle ornament on the tree or the popular "Elf on the Shelf" tradition. 

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Origins of Christmas:  Christmas has roots in pagan traditions, particularly celebrations of the winter solstice and festivals like the Roman Saturnalia and the birth of the sun god Mithras on December 25th. To help convert pagan populations, the early Christian Church set the celebration of Jesus' birth on this date to align with or replace these existing, popular festivals. 

Pagan roots of Christmas celebrations

• Winter Solstice: 

Many pagan cultures, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, celebrated the winter solstice in December. This was a time to honor the returning light after the shortest day of the year and was a significant part of the agricultural year as it marked the end of the harvest. 

• Roman festivals:

  • Saturnalia: A week-long festival honoring the god Saturn, which included feasts and gift-giving. 

  • Sol Invictus: A festival on December 25th celebrating the "rebirth of the unconquered sun". 

• Mithraism: 

The birth of Mithras, a sun god worshipped by Romans, was also celebrated on December 25th. 

How pagan traditions merged with Christmas

• Strategic dating: 

The early Christian Church chose December 25th as the date for celebrating Christmas, potentially to supplant existing pagan festivals that occurred around the same time. 

• Assimilation of customs: 

By adapting pagan traditions, such as feasting, gift-giving, and lighting candles, the church made Christianity more accessible to new converts. For example, the tradition of wassailing, which involved heavy drinking to celebrate good health and the new year, has ancient roots in winter festivals. 

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Christmas tree: The modern Christmas tree tradition originated in 16th-century Germany, with Martin Luther possibly adding candles to an evergreen to recreate a starry night for his children. Before this, ancient pagan and Roman cultures used evergreens to symbolize life, and medieval Germans used "paradise trees" decorated with apples for Adam and Eve's feast day, December 24. The tradition spread to other countries, notably popularized in England by Prince Albert and Queen Victoria in the 1840s, and then to America.  

Origins and early traditions

• Pagan and Roman roots: 

Ancient people used evergreen branches to celebrate winter solstice and symbolize eternal life, as the trees remained green in the cold months. 

• German origins: 

The Christmas tree tradition as we know it is credited to 16th-century Germany. 

• "Paradise trees": 

Medieval Germans decorated fir trees with apples and wafers to represent the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden, displaying them on December 24, the feast day for Adam and Eve. 

• Martin Luther's contribution: 

A popular story claims the Protestant reformer Martin Luther was the first to add lighted candles to a tree to represent the stars he saw shining through the branches, a tradition that evolved from paradise trees. 

Spread to other countries

• Popularization by royalty: 

The tradition was popularized in England after German-born Prince Albert brought it to his wife, Queen Victoria, in the 1840s. A widely circulated sketch of the royal family with their Christmas tree made the custom fashionable in both England and America. 

• German immigrants: 

German immigrants brought the Christmas tree tradition to America, with early examples appearing in German communities in Pennsylvania in the 1820s, though it didn't become mainstream until later. 

Modern evolution

• Electric lights: 

The first Christmas tree lit by electric lights was in New York in 1882 by Edward Johnson, an associate of Thomas Edison. Mass-produced strings of electric lights became available around 1890, replacing candles and making trees safer. 

• Artificial trees: 

The first artificial Christmas trees, made from dyed-green feathers, were introduced to the U.S. in 1920, followed by aluminum trees in the 1950s and 60s. 

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First Christmas Tree in Canada: The first Christmas tree in Canada was set up in Sorel, Quebec, in 1781 by Baroness Frederika von Riedesel, a German immigrant. She decorated a balsam fir with fruits and candles for a Christmas Eve party to celebrate the end of a difficult period for her family. This event introduced the German Christmas tree tradition to North America. 

• Who: Baroness Frederika von Riedesel and her husband, Baron Friedrich von Riedesel, a German officer in the British army.

• When: Christmas Eve, 1781.

• Where: Sorel, Quebec.

• What: A balsam fir tree decorated with fruits and lit with candles.

• Why: The Baroness wanted to mark the end of her family's difficult years and celebrate Christmas with a traditional German celebration. 

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Santa Claus: The history of Santa Claus begins with a 4th-century Greek bishop named St. Nicholas, known for his generosity. The modern image of Santa Claus evolved over centuries, influenced by Dutch traditions of "Sinterklaas" who was brought to America by settlers. The figure was further shaped by American writers like Washington Irving and Clement Clarke Moore, and later by the illustrations of cartoonist Thomas Nast, who cemented the image of the jolly, bearded man in a red suit.  

St. Nicholas, the historical inspiration 

• Who he was: 

St. Nicholas was a bishop born around 280 AD in what is now modern-day Turkey. He was known for his kindness and secret gift-giving. 

• Gift-giving legend: 

A famous legend tells of him secretly throwing bags of gold through the window of a poor man to help his three daughters, with the gold landing in their stockings that were drying by the fire. 

• Patron saint: 

Due to his miracles, he became known as the patron saint of children, sailors, and others. 

Transformation into Santa Claus

• Dutch influence: 

Dutch settlers brought the tradition of "Sinterklaas" to North America, where the name eventually became "Santa Claus". 

• A Visit from St. Nicholas: 

The 1823 poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (later known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas") was crucial in shaping the modern image, describing a "jolly old elf" with a sleigh pulled by reindeer. 

• Thomas Nast's illustrations: 

In the late 1800s, cartoonist Thomas Nast drew many images that solidified Santa's appearance as a large, jolly man with a white beard and a red suit trimmed with white fur. He also added elements like Santa's home at the North Pole and his book of naughty and nice children. 

• Modern popularization: 

While these artists created the image, companies like Coca-Cola later helped popularize it through advertising campaigns. 

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Significance of Christmas in modern world: The significance of Christmas in the modern world is multifaceted, combining religious importance for Christians with widespread secular traditions focused on family, generosity, and community, making it a major cultural event that transcends religious boundaries. It serves as a time for spiritual reflection, a chance to connect with loved ones through traditions and gift-giving, and an occasion for charitable acts. 

Religious significance

• Commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ, symbolizing hope and peace for Christians.

• Offers an opportunity for spiritual reflection and a chance to reconnect with one's faith. 

Cultural and social significance

• Family and community: It is a time for strengthening family bonds and community connections.

• Generosity and goodwill: The holiday promotes acts of kindness, charity, and giving, with many people celebrating by sharing with others.

• Secular celebration: In many parts of the world, Christmas has become a secular festival with traditions like festive decorations, gift-giving, and seasonal music, celebrated by non-religious people and those of other faiths as a time for joy and optimism.

• Tradition and continuity: Traditions like decorating and exchanging gifts create a sense of continuity and help connect generations. 

Economic significance

• It is a major driver of economic activity, with significant retail and consumer spending occurring in the weeks leading up to the holiday. 

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You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christmas

https://historycooperative.org/pagan-origins-of-christmas/

https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-christmas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWgjRm2dbBk

https://voiceandvisioninc.org/blog/entry/a-brief-history-of-christmas/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus

https://www.history.com/articles/santa-claus

https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/christmas/the-history-of-father-christmas/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree

https://realchristmastrees.org/education/history-of-christmas-trees/

https://www.britannica.com/video/christmas-tree-decoration-holiday/-295615

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-christmas-has-evolved-over-centuries

https://hersheystory.org/the-development-of-the-modern-christmas/

https://altusentertainment.com/reasons-why-we-celebrate-christmas/

https://www.utoronto.ca/news/santa-claus-kfc-tracing-origins-modern-christmas-traditions

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Hanukkah 2025:  Hanukkah 2025 begins at sundown on Sunday, December 14, and continues through Monday, December 22. This eight-day celebration marks one of the most joyous periods in the Jewish winter calendar. As with all Jewish holidays, Hanukkah begins at sundown the evening before the calendar date.

Hanukkah is the Jewish "Festival of Lights," an eight-day celebration that commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabees liberated it from a foreign army. The holiday's central story is the miracle of a single day's worth of oil lasting for eight days when relighting the temple's menorah. Celebrations include nightly menorah (or Hanukkiah) lightings, special prayers, festive foods like latkes and sufganiyot (jelly donuts), and playing dreidel.  

The historical and religious significance

• Rededication of the Temple: 

The holiday's Hebrew name, Hanukkah, means "dedication," honoring the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem in the 2nd century BC. 

• Maccabean Revolt: 

It marks the victory of a small group of Jewish fighters, the Maccabees, over the Syrian-Greek army of King Antiochus, which had desecrated the Temple. 

• Miracle of the oil: 

According to tradition, when the Maccabees entered the Temple, they found only enough purified oil to light the menorah for one day, but it miraculously burned for eight days. 

• Freedom and religious expression: 

Hanukkah is a celebration of religious freedom and the triumph of light over darkness and spirituality over materiality. 

How is Hanukkah celebrated?

• Menorah lighting: 

The most central tradition is lighting the menorah, a nine-branched candelabra. One candle is lit on the first night, two on the second, and so on, until all eight are lit on the final night. 

• Special foods: 

Foods fried in oil are eaten to commemorate the miracle. Popular examples include latkes (potato pancakes) and sufganiyot (jelly donuts). 

• Games and gifts: 

Children often play the game of dreidel with a four-sided top, and some families exchange gifts. 

• Charitable giving: 

Many modern celebrations also emphasize charitable donations and social action. 

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You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah

https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/102911/jewish/What-Is-Hanukkah.htm

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/35030671

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wy4APUnXq7c&t=1s

https://www.britannica.com/video/explaining-the-origins-traditions-Hanukkah/-273876

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Kwanzaa - Fri, Dec 26, 2025 – Thu, Jan 1, 2026 :      

Kwanzaa is a week-long cultural celebration from December 26, 2025, to January 1, 2026, honoring African American heritage and community. It is based on ancient African harvest festivals and revolves around seven principles (Nguzo Saba) that are discussed each night while a child lights one of the seven candles on a special candle holder called a kinara. Celebrations often include storytelling, music, and a large communal feast on the final day called Karamu. 

Key aspects of Kwanzaa

• Duration: Kwanzaa is celebrated from December 26 to January 1.

• Origin: Created by Dr. Maulana Karenga in 1966, it is based on African harvest festival traditions.

• Focus: It celebrates family, community, and culture, but is not a religious holiday.

• Core principles: The celebration is guided by the seven principles of Kwanzaa, known as Nguzo Saba:

  • Umoja (Unity)

  • Kujichagulia (Self-Determination)

  • Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility)

  • Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics)

  • Nia (Purpose)

  • Kuumba (Creativity)

  • Imani (Faith)

• Symbols: Common symbols include the kinara (candleholder), seven candles, Mishumaa Saba (the seven candles), Mkeka (the mat), and Muhindi (corn).

• Celebrations: Families and communities come together for daily rituals, which often include lighting candles, pouring libations, singing, and storytelling. The celebrations conclude with a large feast called Karamu. 

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You may read more:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa

https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/canada/kwanzaa

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kwanzaa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJ9T0XYnGUc&t=1s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kV-6qVp98Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lN8JflBOtk

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December 2025 Canada statutory holidays and observances:  

In December 2025, the statutory holidays in Canada are

Christmas Day (𝐷𝑒𝑐.25)

Boxing Day (𝐷𝑒𝑐.26).

Christmas Day is a statutory holiday in all provinces, while Boxing Day is a statutory holiday in Ontario and for federal employees, and a provincial public sector holiday in New Brunswick. 

Statutory holidays 

• Christmas Day: Thursday, December 25, 2025

• Boxing Day: Friday, December 26, 2025 

Other observances 

• Christmas Eve: Wednesday, December 24, 2025

• Feast of the Immaculate Conception: Monday, December 8, 2025

• First Day of Hanukkah: Monday, December 15, 2025

• December Solstice: Sunday, December 21, 2025

• Last day of Hanukkah: Monday, December 22, 2025

• Kwanzaa: Begins on December 26, 2025

• New Year's Eve: Wednesday, December 31, 2025

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Boxing day: Boxing Day originated in the United Kingdom and refers to the day after Christmas (December 26), which has been traditionally celebrated by giving gifts to servants and the poor. Two main theories explain its name: either it comes from the boxes of gifts given to employees, or from the alms boxes that were opened in churches on the feast of St. Stephen (December 26) to collect donations for the poor. 

Theory 1: Gifts for servants and employees 

• Holiday bonus: Wealthy families would give their household servants and employees a box of gifts, money, or leftover food on the day after Christmas as a reward for their service on Christmas Day.

• Victorian era: This tradition became more widespread during the Victorian era, with the term "Boxing Day" linked to this practice of giving out "Christmas boxes" to tradespeople and staff. 

Theory 2: Alms boxes for the poor 

• Church donations: Another theory suggests the name comes from donation boxes kept in churches. These "alms boxes" were filled with collections from parishioners during the Advent season.

• Feast of St. Stephen: The contents of these boxes were distributed to the poor on December 26, which is the feast day of St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr known for his charitable acts. In many countries, December 26 is still celebrated as St. Stephen's Day. 

Modern traditions

• Shopping: Today, Boxing Day is often associated with major post-Christmas sales, similar to Black Friday in the United States.

• Sports: It is also a popular day for sporting events, especially football matches in the United Kingdom and cricket in Australia.

• Socializing: The day is also spent visiting friends and family, extending the holiday festivities. 

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You may read more:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day

https://www.history.com/articles/why-is-the-day-after-christmas-called-boxing-day

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Boxing-Day

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/boxing-day-history-traditions

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Popular recipes for December in Canada: Popular recipes in Canada during December typically revolve around hearty, warm dishes and traditional holiday fare for Christmas celebrations. Key dishes and desserts include: 

Main Courses & Sides

• Roast Turkey or Ham: A traditional centerpiece for Christmas dinner, often served with a maple or mustard glaze.

• Tourtière: A classic French-Canadian meat pie, typically made with pork and spices and served during the holidays.

• Mashed Potatoes and Scalloped Potatoes: Essential, comforting side dishes for a festive meal.

• Stuffing: Apple herb or a classic sausage stuffing are popular accompaniments.

• Cranberry Sauce: This bright, jewel-red sauce is a staple, accompanying most turkey dinners.

• Poutine: While a year-round favorite, this hearty dish of fries, cheese curds, and gravy offers a comforting, warm option during the cold winter.

• Bannock: A traditional Indigenous Canadian fry bread that is comforting and great for warming up in winter. 

Desserts & Baked Goods

• Butter Tarts: Considered a distinctly Canadian treat, these sweet, gooey tarts with a flaky crust are especially popular during Christmas.

• Nanaimo Bars: This no-bake, three-layered dessert (crust, custard filling, chocolate top) is found on Christmas cookie platters across the country.

• Shortbread Cookies: A classic Christmas cookie often baked in large batches for holiday gatherings and gift-giving.

• Gingerbread: Used for making cookies and elaborate gingerbread houses, a fun activity for families.

• Bûche de Noël (Yule Log): A traditional French-Canadian rolled chocolate cake decorated to resemble a Yule log.

• Mince Pies: These sweet, spiced fruit pies are a popular Christmas treat. 

Beverages

• Eggnog: This rich, spiced drink is a traditional holiday beverage, often used in other recipes like trifles or cheesecakes.

• Hot Chocolate: A go-to warm drink to enjoy during cold Canadian winters.

• Apple Cider: Served warm and often mulled with spices, it captures the fall and winter spirit. 

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You may read more:
https://www.canadianliving.com/food/article/31-feel-good-recipes-to-make-this-december

https://www.cbc.ca/life/food/what-to-cook-in-december-crowd-pleasing-simple-recipes-1.7401476

https://www.buzzfeed.com/rossyoder/best-seasonal-december-recipes-2024

https://www.flavournetwork.ca/article/most-popular-recipes-december-2023/

https://seeds.ca/schoolfoodgardens/a-taste-of-tradition-timeless-canadian-christmas-dishes/

https://www.fitzhenry.ca/Christmas-Recipes

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December quotes and sayings:

• "It's the most wonderful time of the year." —Unknown

• "December is a simple wish that brings spectacular moments." —Unknown

• "December: A month of lights, snow, coziness, and feasts; time to make amends and tie up loose ends; finish what you started and make your wishes come true." —Unknown

• "Of all the months of the year there is not a month one half so welcome to the young, or so full of happy associations, as the last month of the year." —Charles Dickens

• "May and October, the best-smelling months? I’ll make a case for December; evergreen, frost, wood smoke, cinnamon." —Lisa Kleypas

• "December, being the last month of the year, cannot help but make us think of what is to come." —Fennel Hudson

• "November, I’ll give thanks that you belong to me. December, you’re the present beneath my Christmas tree." —Neil Sedaka

• "In cold December fragrant chaplets blow, and heavy harvests nod beneath the snow." —Alexander Pope

• "December has the clarity, the simplicity, and the silence you need for the best fresh start of your life." —Vivian Swift

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You may read more:
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/december

https://www.quotegarden.com/december.html

https://sociallyinclined.com/blogs/marketing-minute-blog/30-inspirational-quotes-for-december?srsltid=AfmBOorCU8kwvopdJaVTLKR0JTRfxYZIFUa0SAlc5z3trOGYpronOgFW

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Christmas quotes and sayings:  Christmas quotes and sayings include classic phrases like "Merry and bright," "Peace on Earth, goodwill to men," and "Tis the season to be jolly". Other options range from inspirational sayings, such as "Christmas isn't a season, it's a feeling" by Edna Ferber, to short, festive greetings like "Happy holidays" or "May your heart be light". 

Classic and popular sayings

• "Merry and bright"

• "Peace on Earth, goodwill to men"

• "Tis the season to be jolly"

• "Let it snow!"

• "All is calm, all is bright"

• "Joy to the world!"

• "Have yourself a merry little Christmas"

• "Home for the holidays"

• "Walking in a winter wonderland" 

Inspirational and heartfelt quotes

• "Christmas isn't a season, it's a feeling" - Edna Ferber

• "Christmas is a necessity. There has to be at least one day of the year to remind us that we're here for something else besides ourselves" - Eric Sevareid

• "He who has not Christmas in his heart will never find it under a tree" - Roy L. Smith

• "Christmas will always be as long as we stand heart to heart and hand in hand"

• "The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched – they must be felt with the heart" - Helen Keller

• "I will honor Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year" - Charles Dickens 

Short and simple greetings

• "Merry Christmas!"

• "Happy Holidays!"

• "Season's Greetings"

• "Warm and cozy holiday wishes"

• "Peace, love, and holiday cheer"

• "May all your days be merry and bright"

• "Believe in the magic of Christmas" 

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You may read more:

https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/christmas

https://www.theknot.com/content/christmas-quotes

https://www.countryliving.com/life/g2819/christmas-quotes/

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